If you happen to want a really pure sine wave within the audio vary, the circuit in Determine 1 might help. It’s a easy deal: A sine wave with a THD of 1% coming from a operate generator that goes by way of a trackable low-pass filter, which attenuates the distortion-causing harmonics by an element of 7900 (-78 dB) or extra. The result’s a sine wave with lower than 0.0002% (2 ppm) distortion.
Determine 1 A frequency multiplier and a monitoring low-pass filter scale back the THD of the sine sign coming from a operate generator by 78 dB or extra.
Wow the engineering world together with your distinctive design: Design Concepts Submission Information
This implementation’s benefit comes from the truth that operate mills present two alerts, a sine wave and a sq. wave, with the identical frequency. The sine wave goes to the low-pass filter. A voltage divider reduces amplitude in order that it doesn’t exceed the enter vary of the filter. The switched-capacitor filter wants a clock sign with frequency that’s 100 occasions bigger than the frequency of the sign being filtered. The microcontroller–oscillator pair generates the clock sign. The microcontroller (µC) measures the frequency of the sign coming from the operate generator, multiplies it by an element of 100, creates a 16-bit management phrase, and sends it to the oscillator by way of an SPI interface. The oscillator generates a square-wave sign for the filter. The nook frequency of the filter equals the elemental frequency of the enter voltage.
Determine 2 and Determine 3 reveal the circuit operation with a 20-kHz triangular sign. Determine 2 reveals the time area alerts from the operate generator and on the output of the filter. Determine 3’s photos are the spectrums of those alerts. The filter passes the elemental frequency and reduces the distortion-making harmonics all the way down to the noise ground. The distinction between the elemental and the ground is about 50 dB, which is regular for the 8-bit ADC of the oscilloscope. Extra subtle (and costlier) gear is required to catch the distinction of about 80 dB anticipated for the sine wave. Curious readers can get a way of this enterprise in references [1-4].
Determine 2 The time area alerts from the operate generator and on the output of the filter.
Determine 3 The spectrum of the 20-kHz triangular sign: the elemental harmonic is 50 dB above the noise ground. Extra subtle gear is required for the sine wave.
It’s value mentioning that the identical strategy has been used to filter a sq. wave sign or a digitally generated sine wave with a really small variety of stairs, see references [5-7]. Regardless of the big attenuation of the filter, the output sign just isn’t a pure sine wave as a result of excessive stage of harmonics within the enter sign: 43% for the sq. wave and 11-12% for a “sine” wave made of 5 stairs. The proposed circuit makes use of an enter sign with 1% distortion (analog operate mills) or 0.1% distortion (DDS-based operate mills); therefore the output sign shall be not less than 10 or 100 occasions cleaner than with the earlier circuits.
If you happen to determine to make the circuit, measure the interval, not the frequency of the sign coming from the sign generator. The longest measurement time shall be 50 ms as an alternative of seconds.
Additionally, ensure you fill the interval interval with not less than 1000 clock pulses; the aim is to get 0.1% accuracy. This implies clock charge of 20 MHz or extra for the shortest interval of fifty µs. Decrease clock charges needs to be used for longer intervals to keep away from getting too massive numbers for the captured clock pulses.
Lastly, hold the sine sign amplitude from 3 to 9 VPP. That is the vary the place the filter supplies minimal distortion and noise.
Jordan Dimitrov is {an electrical} engineer & PhD with 30 years of expertise. At the moment he teaches electrical and electronics programs at a Toronto group school.
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References
- Williams J., G. Hoover. Take a look at 18-bit ADCs with an ultrapure sine-wave oscillator. EDN, Aug. 11, 2011, 19-23.
- Janasek V. An extremely low-distortion oscillator with THD under -140 dB. http://www.janascard.cz/aj_Download.html
- ARTA software program https://artalabs.hr/index.htm
- TSP #234 – QuantAsylum QA403 24-bit, 0.0001% THD Audio Analyzer Evaluation, Teardown & Experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlWzpMkX5QQ
- Horowitz P., W. Hill. The artwork of electronics. 3rd, 2015, pg. 436.
- Saab A. Locked-sync sine generator covers three a long time with low distortion. EDN, Sep 18, 2008.
- Elliot R. Sinewave oscillators, Part 8 – Digital technology. https://sound-au.com/articles/sinewave.htm#s8
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